All about CBD

1. What is CBD?

CBD (or Cannabidiol) is a natural plant substance found in hemp (or Cannabis Sativa L), belonging to the family of Cannabinoid molecules. Cultivated on all continents for millennia, hemp is one of the oldest wild and cultivated plants on the planet. Among the hundred Cannabinoids present in hemp, THC and CBD are the two most well-known molecules and also the most active on our body. Unlike THC, CBD is absolutely not psychoactive (or psychotropic), meaning that consuming CBD does not cause any intoxicating or mind-altering effects; for this reason, CBD is not considered a narcotic or a toxic substance.

The human body is equipped with an endocannabinoid system that regulates some of our essential biological functions such as sleep, appetite, anxiety, mood, and physical pain. Cannabidiol has the particularity of stimulating our CB1 and CB2 receptors connected to the nervous system. Consuming CBD would thus allow our body to better regulate these primary biological functions. In France and Europe, we can now find CBD in a multitude of formats: Capsules, Flowers, Resins, E-liquids (or Vape), Oils, Oil spray, Pure crystals, Cosmetics (creams, balms, gels, ...), but also drinks (cold or infusions) or even candies (often called Gummies). There are also CBD oils and candies specially designed for pets (dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, horses). These supplements can help them daily to fight anxiety, stress, improve coat condition, or reduce muscle pain.

2. The properties of CBD

CBD is an active molecule with many interesting properties for our metabolism. Several industries now use CBD, such as cosmetics, food, and medicine. Nowadays, scientists and doctors around the world are paying close attention to the many properties of CBD. They are indeed seeking to better understand the full therapeutic potential of the molecule. The WHO (World Health Organization) has already attributed a long list of potential properties to it. Among them are: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antipsychotic, Antidepressant, anxiety reduction, Decongestant, Nerve protection. (Source: WHO (2018). Critical review report on Cannabidiol (CBD). Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Fortieth meeting. Geneva, 4-7 June 2018).

According to various recent scientific studies (such as the study conducted by the WHO in 2018), Cannabidiol or CBD has many promising properties for medical research (pain reduction, anxiety decrease, cancer risk reduction, mood improvement, immune system support, metabolism balance, sleep disorder reduction, depression decrease, arthritis prevention, as well as treatment of certain skin diseases). Many researchers and laboratories continue to explore this molecule to better understand it and harness its properties. 

3. What are the effects of CBD? Does CBD make you high?

Cannabidiol (CBD) has relaxing and anti-inflammatory properties that interact. They stimulate each other to multiply their effects on the body. CBD promotes muscle relaxation and prevents and limits possible inflammations and pain. CBD has no psychoactive effect, so it does not cause any high and does not create any dependency. For these reasons, it is not considered a narcotic and is perfectly legal throughout the European Union.

Which CBD to choose?

4. What dosage of CBD to consume?

It depends on your needs, your feelings, your body shape. We recommend following a few simple principles:

- Follow the dosages indicated on the product packaging;
- Start with moderate dosages (25 to 50mg / day). Then gradually increase (up to 150 to 200mg / day) if you feel the need.
- If you consume CBD to be more relaxed during the day, consume it in the morning and at noon.
- If it is about fighting insomnia problems, consume it in the evening and before going to bed.
- Or if it is to limit chronic pain, listen to your body above all, and respect the indicated dosages.
If in doubt, we invite you to seek advice from your doctor.

5. How long after taking it do the effects begin to be felt?

The relaxing and calming effects of CBD are felt differently depending on the method of consumption. Vaping or smoking CBD will have a faster and more powerful effect than with capsules or gummies, where the CBD is diluted in the digestive system.

CBD oil consumption via the sublingual route will produce effects more quickly than through the digestive system. Expect about 20 minutes for a sublingual intake of CBD oil and about 60 minutes for gummies and capsules. This time frame naturally varies depending on the user's body type, the amount of CBD consumed, and the method of consumption. Thus, larger individuals will feel the effects a little later than fit or thin people.

6. How to consume CBD

There are many CBD products on the market. The method of administration you choose will depend on your consumption habits of certain products and the desired effects. Here is a summary of the 3 most popular ways to enjoy the benefits of CBD:

1. Inhalation

This method is the one that takes effect the fastest, as CBD enters your bloodstream within seconds through your lungs. You will quickly feel relief and relaxation effects. Inhalation is also an excellent solution for those who want to wean off THC joints by replacing them with CBD flowers. You can also consume the flowers by vaporization (without tobacco) using electronic vaporizers. Finally, electronic cigarette enthusiasts can use cartridges and e-liquids containing CBD.

2. Sublingual (under the tongue)

You can consume CBD by placing a few drops of CBD Oil under the tongue, leaving it to rest for 60 to 90 seconds before swallowing. This method allows the CBD to be absorbed through the mucous membranes with an effect felt in about 15 to 30 minutes. CBD oils have the advantage of being easy to dose, effective, and discreet. People prone to stress or anxiety often use CBD oil because the relaxing effects are quite fast.

3. Orally (capsules, drinks, gummies…)

When you take your CBD orally, it must first pass through your digestive system before finding its way into your bloodstream, which slows its effect. It can take between 60 and 90 minutes depending on the person. This method allows for long-lasting effects throughout the day and is very easy and discreet to consume. Athletes often prefer the convenient format of capsules and gummies, as they also provide a gradual and lasting effect throughout the day. The same applies to people suffering from chronic conditions. Additionally, the exact desired amount of CBD can be measured.

As you have understood, each method has its advantages and disadvantages, but everyone can find their benefit according to their needs and preferences.

7. Broad Spectrum and Full Spectrum

The terms Broad Spectrum and Full Spectrum represent the different cannabinoids present in a CBD oil.

Broad Spectrum
CBD oils known as Broad Spectrum are composed solely of crude CBD oil extract and contain a large number of cannabinoids such as CBD, CBDa, CBG, CBN, CBC. CBD Broad Spectrum oils contain 0% THC. The spectrum can be broadened through the decarboxylation process of the oil, which is possible after the extraction of the crude oil. Decarboxylation involves heating the crude CBD oil extract at a low temperature to make it more “bioavailable.” Heating the active components present in the oil (cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids) makes them more easily absorbed by the body; the heat also allows certain molecules that remained inactive to be transformed into additional active components.

Full Spectrum
CBD oils known as Full Spectrum (or Full Spectrum) consist of all the molecules naturally present in hemp. Thus, all cannabinoid molecules, CBD but also CBDa, CBV, CBG, CBN, CBC as well as terpenes and flavonoids are present in Full Spectrum oils. Full Spectrum CBD Oils allow you to benefit from all the active principles present in hemp and thus increase the entourage effect phenomenon. They are available in France and the European Union with an insignificant percentage of THC (less than 0.3%).

8. Terpenes

Cannabidiol-based products are booming in France and Europe following its recent legalization. Among the multitude of products now available, the taste and flavor of the finished product are very important criteria for consumers when making their choice. Thus, terpenes, naturally present in hemp, are an essential asset because they have the particularity of enhancing the action of cannabinoids and developing the present aromas.

What is terpene?

Terpene is an organic compound naturally present in plants and certain insects. The natural flavor and smell of fruits, herbs, or flowers are due to the presence of these famous terpenoids. Several terpenes often make up essential oils. The extraction and distillation of a plant's oil increase the production of terpenes.

Hemp is characterized by its high concentration of terpenes, composed of more than 200 varieties. Many plants also naturally produce terpenes. Mint, lavender, rosemary for example contain them in large quantities.

What are terpenes used for?

Some studies have demonstrated the benefits of terpenes mixed with Cannabidiol. Terpenes would optimize the effectiveness of products composed of CBD. Their interaction with Cannabidiol would indeed present various benefits to the body. They would enhance the actions of the active principles of most cannabinoid molecules. It is also known that terpenes are responsible for the aroma and smell of aromatic plants and hemp.

Thus, terpenes would allow the identification of the variety and quality of hemp, knowing that the aromas of this plant can influence its effects. For example, if the musky flavor promotes relaxation and calm, the citrus flavor acts on the mood, while the resinous flavor focuses on the mind. The properties specific to each terpene therefore affect the action of Cannabidiol on the body. Some terpenoids are powerful anti-inflammatories, while others develop the sensation of well-being.

What are the main terpenes present in hemp?

No fewer than about fifty terpenoids can be present in a hemp plant, but not all in the same proportions. Myrcene is the most dominant in hemp, known for its calming and relaxing effects. This terpene emits an earthy and herbaceous scent, somewhat spicy, close to clove and similar to the cannabis flower. This terpene is also believed to have analgesic and antibacterial properties.

Limonene is usually found in citrus fruits. It is appreciated for its immunostimulant and antidepressant properties. This terpene, mixed with CBD, could act effectively against stress and depression. It positively affects the mood of the person who consumes it. Traditional Chinese medicine has long used pinene for its therapeutic virtues. Its compound stimulates memory, is a powerful antibacterial, and an effective anti-inflammatory. Its resinous taste and smell are reminiscent of conifers.

If some CBD-based products already contain terpenes, it is also possible to add them. It is advisable to add 0.2mg of terpene per gram of CBD oil. A dropper can be useful for precise dosing. For e-liquids, plan one drop of terpene per milliliter of e-liquid. Let the mixture rest for two days to achieve an ideal result. Terpenes could also relieve and reduce pain, but they mainly provide aromas to your products for an enjoyable consumption of CBD-based products. Choose terpenes according to their properties based on your needs and desired effects to get the most benefit.

Terpenes used in cooking

Terpenes can also become very useful allies in cooking. Indeed, these organic compounds are very interesting ingredients for cooking all types of food. They naturally enhance the flavors and aromas of your dishes with great finesse. It is not uncommon to incorporate them into food for a tasty tasting experience. Adding terpenes to your dishes also allows you to benefit from the properties of both compounds. This helps optimize the quality of your sleep, reduce pain, and limit stress, anxiety, and depression. As you can see, terpenes are said to be just as beneficial as CBD.

Terpenes would therefore enhance the effects of cannabinoids derived from CBD on the body, while providing tasty natural flavors and aromas. You can incorporate them into your favorite recipes, add them to your e-liquids or oils. CBD is a natural product, but it is not a medicine. Furthermore, be sure to follow the prescribed dosages and consult your doctor before any consumption.

9. The entourage effect

The entourage effect represents the interactions of the different cannabinoids and terpenes present in hemp.
The cannabinoids and terpenes present in hemp interact and are more effective together. Their properties are complementary and enhanced when these molecules are together, rather than each taken individually. It is a true team effort, hence the term "entourage effect" given to this natural process.
Thus, the effects of a broad spectrum or full spectrum CBD oil are more effective than those of a raw CBD oil. That is why most French and European manufacturers offer CBD oils made from whole plant extracts to benefit from the full range of cannabinoids and terpenes present in the plant.
Another example of the entourage effect, CBD, which has anti-psychoactive properties, significantly reduces the psychotropic effects of another well-known cannabinoid, THC.

10. Legislation for consuming CBD in France

Common legislation throughout the EU

Production, importation, and marketing of hemp are authorized in France and throughout the European Union. France is one of the leading hemp producing and exporting countries in the world. CBD has no psychoactive effect and, unlike THC, is not considered a narcotic. The Interministerial Mission for the Fight Against Drugs and Addictive Behaviors (Mildeca) drafted an order in December 2018 that stipulates the following prohibitions:

- "can only be marketed in France under the cumulative conditions as follows: the hemp varieties cultivated must be listed in the exhaustive list set out in Article 2 of the decree of 22 August 1990"
- "the cannabis plant must have a THC content below 0.3%; only its seeds and fibers can be used."
- "the finished product (oils, creams, biscuits, etc.) must not contain any trace of THC, regardless of the level."

Case law in France

During the year 2018, many CBD enthusiasts decided to open "CBD shops" and had to close them administratively. The company The Pot Companie was even prosecuted that year. The young entrepreneur was charged with drug trafficking. However, he was acquitted because his lawyer Gilles BOIN relied on the current European legislation: "products made from hemp sativa L containing less than 0.3% THC (the psychoactive substance in cannabis) are allowed in Europe."

Since this difficult period for entrepreneurs, no company has been prosecuted criminally. The European Commission's opinion on CBD: "Within the framework of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, hemp is regulated by European law." This means that European law takes precedence over French law in terms of agricultural policy. "European legislation authorizes the cultivation, import, export, and industrial and commercial use of Cannabis Sativa L. varieties." The European catalogue lists the authorized hemp varieties.

CBD consumption

The only condition for the marketing or use of hemp is that it must not have a THC content higher than 0.3%. Furthermore, no restrictions have been given regarding which parts of the hemp plant must be used. This authorization is well reflected in French law in the decree of August 22, 1990. The European Court of Justice ruled the ban on the marketing of CBD in France illegal in an article dated November 19, 2020, referring to the following premise: CBD is not considered a narcotic.